<!DOCTYPE html>






  


<html class="theme-next mist use-motion" lang="zh-CN">
<head><meta name="generator" content="Hexo 3.8.0">
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#222">
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="2aen8txJ9makMaGgtEKHpowVyKdkJYiySE3ojNCZAwU">





  
  
    
    
  <script src="/lib/pace/pace.min.js?v=1.0.2"></script>
  <link href="/lib/pace/pace-theme-minimal.min.css?v=1.0.2" rel="stylesheet">







<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp">






















<link href="/lib/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?v=4.6.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

<link href="/css/main.css?v=6.2.0" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">


  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-next.png?v=6.2.0">


  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/images/favicon-32x32-next.png?v=6.2.0">


  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/images/favicon-16x16-next.png?v=6.2.0">


  <link rel="mask-icon" href="/images/logo.svg?v=6.2.0" color="#222">









<script type="text/javascript" id="hexo.configurations">
  var NexT = window.NexT || {};
  var CONFIG = {
    root: '/',
    scheme: 'Mist',
    version: '6.2.0',
    sidebar: {"position":"left","display":"post","offset":12,"b2t":false,"scrollpercent":false,"onmobile":false},
    fancybox: false,
    fastclick: false,
    lazyload: false,
    tabs: true,
    motion: {"enable":true,"async":false,"transition":{"post_block":"fadeIn","post_header":"slideDownIn","post_body":"slideDownIn","coll_header":"slideLeftIn","sidebar":"slideUpIn"}},
    algolia: {
      applicationID: '',
      apiKey: '',
      indexName: '',
      hits: {"per_page":10},
      labels: {"input_placeholder":"Search for Posts","hits_empty":"We didn't find any results for the search: ${query}","hits_stats":"${hits} results found in ${time} ms"}
    }
  };
</script>


  




  <meta name="description" content="实验环境：uname -a ​      Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-121-generic #145-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 13 13:47:23 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux   权能对应的系统调用使用 sudo find / -name capability.h 查找到路径 /usr/src/linux-heade">
<meta name="keywords" content="Linux capability">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta property="og:title" content="Linux权能与PAM机制">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/index.html">
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Xsyin&#39;s Blog">
<meta property="og:description" content="实验环境：uname -a ​      Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-121-generic #145-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 13 13:47:23 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux   权能对应的系统调用使用 sudo find / -name capability.h 查找到路径 /usr/src/linux-heade">
<meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/pam.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/libpam.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_057.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_058.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_059.png">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_061.png">
<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2018-05-01T00:09:12.000Z">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Linux权能与PAM机制">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="实验环境：uname -a ​      Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-121-generic #145-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 13 13:47:23 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux   权能对应的系统调用使用 sudo find / -name capability.h 查找到路径 /usr/src/linux-heade">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/pam.png">



  <link rel="alternate" href="/atom.xml" title="Xsyin's Blog" type="application/atom+xml">




  <link rel="canonical" href="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/">



<script type="text/javascript" id="page.configurations">
  CONFIG.page = {
    sidebar: "",
  };
</script>

  <title>Linux权能与PAM机制 | Xsyin's Blog</title>
  






  <script type="text/javascript">
    var _hmt = _hmt || [];
    (function() {
      var hm = document.createElement("script");
      hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?ea8bf9b92c205ae2c147d91b5242a6b0";
      var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
      s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s);
    })();
  </script>




  <noscript>
  <style type="text/css">
    .use-motion .motion-element,
    .use-motion .brand,
    .use-motion .menu-item,
    .sidebar-inner,
    .use-motion .post-block,
    .use-motion .pagination,
    .use-motion .comments,
    .use-motion .post-header,
    .use-motion .post-body,
    .use-motion .collection-title { opacity: initial; }

    .use-motion .logo,
    .use-motion .site-title,
    .use-motion .site-subtitle {
      opacity: initial;
      top: initial;
    }

    .use-motion {
      .logo-line-before i { left: initial; }
      .logo-line-after i { right: initial; }
    }
  </style>
</noscript>

</head>

<body itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="zh-CN">

  
  
    
  

  <div class="container sidebar-position-left page-post-detail">
    <div class="headband"></div>

    <a href="https://github.com/Xsyin/Xsyin.github.io" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on Github"><svg width="80" height="80" viewbox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#64CEAA; color:#fff; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"/><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"/><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"/></svg></a><style>.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}@keyframes octocat-wave{0%,100%{transform:rotate(0)}20%,60%{transform:rotate(-25deg)}40%,80%{transform:rotate(10deg)}}@media (max-width:500px){.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:none}.github-corner .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}}</style>
    
    <header id="header" class="header" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader">
      <div class="header-inner"><div class="site-brand-wrapper">
  <div class="site-meta ">
    

    <div class="custom-logo-site-title">
      <a href="/" class="brand" rel="start">
        <span class="logo-line-before"><i></i></span>
        <span class="site-title">Xsyin's Blog</span>
        <span class="logo-line-after"><i></i></span>
      </a>
    </div>
      
        <p class="site-subtitle"></p>
      
  </div>

  <div class="site-nav-toggle">
    <button aria-label="切换导航栏">
      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
      <span class="btn-bar"></span>
    </button>
  </div>
</div>




<nav class="site-nav">
  
    <ul id="menu" class="menu">
      
        
        
        
          
          <li class="menu-item menu-item-home">
    <a href="/" rel="section">
      <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-home"></i> <br>首页</a>
  </li>
        
        
        
          
          <li class="menu-item menu-item-tags">
    <a href="/tags/" rel="section">
      <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-tags"></i> <br>标签</a>
  </li>
        
        
        
          
          <li class="menu-item menu-item-categories">
    <a href="/categories/" rel="section">
      <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-th"></i> <br>分类</a>
  </li>
        
        
        
          
          <li class="menu-item menu-item-archives">
    <a href="/archives/" rel="section">
      <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-archive"></i> <br>归档</a>
  </li>
        
        
        
          
          <li class="menu-item menu-item-about">
    <a href="/about/" rel="section">
      <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-fw fa-user"></i> <br>关于</a>
  </li>

      
      
        <li class="menu-item menu-item-search">
          
            <a href="javascript:;" class="popup-trigger">
          
            
              <i class="menu-item-icon fa fa-search fa-fw"></i> <br>搜索</a>
        </li>
      
    </ul>
  

  
    

  

  
    <div class="site-search">
      
  <div class="popup search-popup local-search-popup">
  <div class="local-search-header clearfix">
    <span class="search-icon">
      <i class="fa fa-search"></i>
    </span>
    <span class="popup-btn-close">
      <i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i>
    </span>
    <div class="local-search-input-wrapper">
      <input autocomplete="off" placeholder="搜索..." spellcheck="false" type="text" id="local-search-input">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div id="local-search-result"></div>
</div>



    </div>
  
</nav>



  



</div>
    </header>

    


    <main id="main" class="main">
      <div class="main-inner">
        <div class="content-wrap">
          
          <div id="content" class="content">
            

  <div id="posts" class="posts-expand">
    

  

  
  
  

  

  <article class="post post-type-normal" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
  
  
  
  <div class="post-block">
    <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" href="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/">

    <span hidden itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
      <meta itemprop="name" content="Xsyin">
      <meta itemprop="description" content="">
      <meta itemprop="image" content="/images/boy.jpg">
    </span>

    <span hidden itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">
      <meta itemprop="name" content="Xsyin's Blog">
    </span>

    
      <header class="post-header">

        
        
          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux权能与PAM机制
              
            
          </h1>
        

        <div class="post-meta">
          <span class="post-time">

            
            
            

            
              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i>
              </span>
              
                <span class="post-meta-item-text">发表于</span>
              

              
                
              

              <time title="创建时间：2018-05-01 08:09:12" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2018-05-01T08:09:12+08:00">2018-05-01</time>
            

            
          </span>

          
          
            <span class="post-category">
            
              <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
            
              <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                <i class="fa fa-folder-o"></i>
              </span>
              
                <span class="post-meta-item-text">分类于</span>
              
              
                <span itemprop="about" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Thing"><a href="/categories/Linux/" itemprop="url" rel="index"><span itemprop="name">Linux</span></a></span>

                
                
              
            </span>
          

          
            
          

          
          

          
            <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
            <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
            <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
             阅读次数： 
            <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span>
            </span>
          

          
            <div class="post-symbolscount">
              

              
                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                  <i class="fa fa-file-word-o"></i>
                </span>
                
                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">本文字数：</span>
                
                <span title="本文字数">5.4k</span>
              

              
                <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
              

              
                <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
                  <i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i>
                </span>
                
                  <span class="post-meta-item-text">阅读时长 &asymp;</span>
                
                <span title="阅读时长">5 分钟</span>
              
            </div>
          

          

          
        </div>
      </header>
    

    
    
    
    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody">

      
      

      
        <blockquote>
<p>实验环境：<code>uname -a</code></p>
<p>​      <code>Linux ubuntu 4.4.0-121-generic #145-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 13 13:47:23 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux</code></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h3 id="权能对应的系统调用"><a href="#权能对应的系统调用" class="headerlink" title="权能对应的系统调用"></a>权能对应的系统调用</h3><p>使用 <code>sudo find / -name capability.h</code> 查找到路径 <code>/usr/src/linux-headers-4.4.0-121/include/uapi/linux/capbility.h</code>  ，整理可得下表：</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>权能</th>
<th>编号(相关系统调用）</th>
<th>解释</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>CAP_CHOWN</td>
<td>0(chown)</td>
<td>对文件的UIDs和GIDs做任意修改</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>忽略对文件的DAC访问限制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>忽略DAC中对文件和目录的读、搜索权限</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_FOWNER</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>忽略进程UID与文件UID的匹配检查</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_FSETID</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>文件修改时不清除setuid和setgid位，不匹配时设置setgid位</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_KILL</td>
<td>5(kill)</td>
<td>绕过发送信号时的权限检查</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SETGID</td>
<td>6(setgid)</td>
<td>设置或管理进程GID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SETUID</td>
<td>7(setuid)</td>
<td>管理或设置进程UID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SETPCAP</td>
<td>8(capset)</td>
<td>允许授予或删除其他进程的任何权能</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE</td>
<td>9(chattr)</td>
<td>允许设置文件的不可修改位(IMMUTABLE)和只添加(APPND-ONLY)属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>允许绑定到小于1024的端口</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_NET_BROADCAST</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>允许socket发送监听组播</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_NET_ADMIN</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>允许执行网络管理任务</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_NET_RAW</td>
<td>13(socket)</td>
<td>允许使用原始套接字</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_IPC_LOCK</td>
<td>14(mlock)</td>
<td>允许锁定共享内存片段</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_IPC_OWNER</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>忽略IPC所有权检查</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_MOUDLE</td>
<td>16(init_module)</td>
<td>插入和删除内核模块</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_RAWIO</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>允许对ioperm/iopl的访问</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_CHROOT</td>
<td>18(chroot)</td>
<td>允许使用chroot()系统调用</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_PTRACE</td>
<td>19(ptrace)</td>
<td>允许跟踪任何进程</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_PACCT</td>
<td>20(acct)</td>
<td>允许配置进程记账</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_ADMIN</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>允许执行系统管理任务</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_BOOT</td>
<td>22(reboot)</td>
<td>允许重新启动系统</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_NICE</td>
<td>23(nice)</td>
<td>允许提升优先级，设置其他进程优先级</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_RESOURCE</td>
<td>24(setrlimit)</td>
<td>设置资源限制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_TIME</td>
<td>25(stime)</td>
<td>允许改变系统时钟</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG</td>
<td>26(vhangup)</td>
<td>允许配置TTY设备</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_MKNOD</td>
<td>27(mknod)</td>
<td>允许使用mknod()系统调用，创建特殊文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_LEASE</td>
<td>28(fcntl)</td>
<td>为任意文件建立租约</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_AUDIT_WRITE</td>
<td>29</td>
<td>允许向内核审计日志写记录</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>启用或禁用内核审计，修改审计过滤器规则</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SETFCAP</td>
<td>31</td>
<td>设置文件权能</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE</td>
<td>32</td>
<td>允许MAC配置或状态改变，为smack LSM实现</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_MAC_ADMIN</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>覆盖强制访问控制</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_SYSLOG</td>
<td>34(syslog)</td>
<td>执行特权syslog(2)操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_WAKE_ALARM</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>触发将唤醒系统的东西</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND</td>
<td>36(epoll)</td>
<td>可以阻塞系统挂起的特性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CAP_AUDIT_READ</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>允许通过一个多播socket读取审计日志</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>详情见<a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">man capabilities</a> 。</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="基于PAM用户权限设置系统"><a href="#基于PAM用户权限设置系统" class="headerlink" title="基于PAM用户权限设置系统"></a>基于PAM用户权限设置系统</h3><p>PAM 的全称为“可插拔认证模块（Pluggable Authentication Modules）”。设计的初衷是将不同的底层认证机制集中到一个高层次的API中，从而省去开发人员自己去设计和实现各种繁杂的认证机制的麻烦。</p>
<p>PAM认证一般遵循这样的顺序：Service(服务)→PAM(配置文件)→pam_*.so，PAM配置文件在<code>/etc/pam.d/</code> 目录下，原理图如下：</p>
<p><img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/pam.png" alt="pam"></p>
<p>PAM中配置字段：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">moudle_type  control_flag  moudle_path moudle_option/moudle_args</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol>
<li><code>module_type</code> 为 相应服务指定模块类型</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>模块类型</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>auth(验证模块)</td>
<td>用于验证用户或设置/销毁凭证</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>account(帐户管理模块)</td>
<td>将执行与访问、帐户及凭证有效期、密码限制/规则等有关的操作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>session(会话管理模块)</td>
<td>定义用户登录前的,及用户退出后所要进行的操作.如:登录连接信息,用户数据的打开与关闭,挂载文件系统等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>passwd(密码管理模块)</td>
<td>将执行与密码更改/更新有关的操作</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol start="2">
<li>control_flag 将指定模块的堆栈行为，配置文件中列出模块被调用的顺序</li>
</ol>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>控制标记</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>required</td>
<td>堆栈中的所有 required 模块必须看作一个成功的结果。如果一个或多个 required 模块失败，则实现堆栈中的所有 required 模块，但是将返回第一个错误</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>requisite</td>
<td>如果本模块没有被满足，那本次认证一定失败，而且整个栈立即中止并返回错误信号</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>sufficient</td>
<td>如果标记为 sufficient 的模块成功并且先前没有 required 或 sufficient 模块失败，则忽略堆栈中的所有其余模块并返回成功</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>optional</td>
<td>如果堆栈中没有一个模块是 required 并且没有任何一个 sufficient 模块成功，则服务/应用程序至少要有一个 optional 模块成功</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>include</td>
<td>包含其他规则（服务），文件嵌套，可以互相调用，如：login，auth，system-auth等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[value1=action1  value2=action2 ….]</td>
<td>六种动作：ok ，done，bad，die，ignore，reset。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>​        Example：auth [user_unknown=ignore success=ok ignore=ignore default=bad] pam_securetty.so</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><code>module_path</code> 将指定实现模块的库对象的路径名称。默认情况下，它将被设为 <code>/lib/security</code>。        <img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/libpam.png" alt="libpam"></li>
<li>module_options/module_args（可选字段）将指定可以传递给服务模块的选项或实参。</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<p>实验：配置用户<code>userping</code> ，设置<code>cap_net_raw</code> 权能。</p>
<ul>
<li>添加用户<code>userping</code>  :  <code>sudo adduser userping</code> </li>
<li>查看并清除<code>/bin/ping</code> 的权能：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_057.png" alt="选区_057"></p>
<ul>
<li>切换到用户<code>userping</code> 再<code>ping</code> 无法<code>ping</code>   : <code>su userping</code> </li>
<li><code>userping</code> 登录时给<code>/bin/ping</code> 添加权能：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"><span class="comment">####################################################</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> File Name: ping_cap.sh</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> Author: xsyin</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> mail: shouyinXu@163.com</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> Created Time: 2018年04月30日 星期一 16时05分57秒</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"><span class="comment">###################################################</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash">!/bin/sh</span></span><br><span class="line">[ "$PAM_TYPE" == "open_session" ] || exit 0</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">if [ "$PAM_USER" == "userping" ]; then</span><br><span class="line">	setcap cap_net_raw=eip /bin/ping</span><br><span class="line">	echo "SUCCESS"</span><br><span class="line">else</span><br><span class="line">	echo "FAILURE"</span><br><span class="line">fi</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>将<code>ping_cap.sh</code> 移动到 <code>/usr/local/bin</code> 路径下，并设置为可执行：</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo chmod u+x /usr/loca/bin/ping_cap.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>所有登录都使用<code>common-session</code> 模块：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_058.png" alt="选区_058"></p>
<p>因此在<code>common-session</code> 模块中添加规则: </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">session  optional  pam_exec.so debug log=/tmp/pam_exec.log seteuid /usr/local/bin/ping_cap.sh</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>必须模块，开启了<code>debug</code>模式，用户<code>userping</code> 每次登录会执行<code>ping_cap.sh</code></p>
<ul>
<li>切换到<code>userping</code> 用户：</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_059.png" alt="选区_059"></p>
<p>出错多次，最终调试成功：</p>
<p><img src="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/%E9%80%89%E5%8C%BA_061.png" alt="选区_060"></p>
<h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><p>优点：<code>userping</code> 用户无法执行特权命令，通过<code>pam</code> 可赋予一些特权操作。</p>
<p>缺点：本实验中修改了<code>ping</code> 的文件权能，影响了其他用户。退出<code>userping</code> 后，<code>ping</code> 命令变成有效了。</p>
<p>过渡C版本：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*************************************************************************</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    &gt; File Name: ping_cap.c</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    &gt; Author: xsyin</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    &gt; Mail: shouyinXu@163.com </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    &gt; Created Time: 2018年04月30日 星期一 14时56分35秒</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">    &gt; Make: gcc ping_cap.c -lcap -o ping_cap</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> ************************************************************************/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;string.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;sys/types.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;unistd.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;sys/capability.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string">&lt;sys/prctl.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">undef</span> _POSIX_SOURCE</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">extern</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> errno;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> *path_p = <span class="string">"/bin/ping"</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">listCaps</span><span class="params">()</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">cap_t</span> caps = cap_get_file(path_p);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">ssize_t</span> y = <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"The file %s was give capabilities %s\n"</span>,path_p, cap_to_text(caps, &amp;y));</span><br><span class="line">    fflush(<span class="number">0</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    cap_free(caps);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> *argv[])</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">uid_t</span> uid = getuid();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">if</span>(uid != <span class="number">1000</span>) </span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"uid:%d\n"</span>, uid);</span><br><span class="line">	</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">cap_value_t</span> cap_values[] = &#123;CAP_NET_RAW&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">cap_t</span> caps = cap_init();</span><br><span class="line">	cap_set_flag(caps,CAP_PERMITTED,<span class="number">1</span>,cap_values,CAP_SET);</span><br><span class="line">	cap_set_flag(caps,CAP_EFFECTIVE,<span class="number">1</span>,cap_values,CAP_SET);</span><br><span class="line">	cap_set_flag(caps,CAP_INHERITABLE,<span class="number">1</span>,cap_values,CAP_SET);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">if</span>(cap_set_file(path_p,caps))</span><br><span class="line">		perror(<span class="string">"cap_set_file() ERROR: "</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">else</span></span><br><span class="line">		<span class="built_in">printf</span>(<span class="string">"success\n"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	cap_free(caps);</span><br><span class="line">	listCaps();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>缺陷：未搞清楚如何获取PAM正在授权的用户，无法判断切换至<code>userping</code> 用户时设置权能。</p>

      
    </div>

    


    
    
    

    
      <div>
         <div>
    
        <div style="text-align:center;color: #ccc;font-size:14px;">-------------本文结束<i class="fa fa-paw"></i>感谢您的阅读-------------</div>
    
</div>

      </div>
    

    
      <div>
        
<div class="my_post_copyright">
  <script src="//cdn.bootcss.com/clipboard.js/1.5.10/clipboard.min.js"></script>
  
  <!-- JS库 sweetalert 可修改路径 -->
  <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/2.0.0/jquery.min.js"></script>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/sweetalert/dist/sweetalert.min.js"></script>
  <p><span>本文标题:</span><a href="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/">Linux权能与PAM机制</a></p>
  <p><span>文章作者:</span><a href="/" title="访问 Xsyin 的个人博客">Xsyin</a></p>
  <p><span>发布时间:</span>2018年05月01日 - 08:05</p>
  <p><span>最后更新:</span>2018年05月01日 - 08:05</p>
  <p><span>原始链接:</span><a href="/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/" title="Linux权能与PAM机制">https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/</a>
    <span class="copy-path" title="点击复制文章链接"><i class="fa fa-clipboard" data-clipboard-text="https://xsyin.github.io/2018/05/01/Linux权能与PAM机制/" aria-label="复制成功！"></i></span>
  </p>
  <p><span>许可协议:</span><i class="fa fa-creative-commons"></i> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank" title="Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)">署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际</a> 转载请保留原文链接及作者。</p>  
</div>
<script> 
    var clipboard = new Clipboard('.fa-clipboard');
    $(".fa-clipboard").click(function(){
      clipboard.on('success', function(){
        swal({   
          title: "",   
          text: '复制成功',
          icon: "success", 
          showConfirmButton: true
          });
	});
    });  
</script>


      </div>
    

    

    
      <div>
        <div style="padding: 10px 0; margin: 20px auto; width: 90%; text-align: center;">
  <div>我知道是不会有人点的，但万一有人想不开呢？</div>
  <button id="rewardButton" disable="enable" onclick="var qr = document.getElementById('QR'); if (qr.style.display === 'none') {qr.style.display='block';} else {qr.style.display='none'}">
    <span>赏</span>
  </button>
  <div id="QR" style="display: none;">

    
      <div id="wechat" style="display: inline-block">
        <img id="wechat_qr" src="/images/wechatpay.jpg" alt="Xsyin 微信支付">
        <p>微信支付</p>
      </div>
    

    
      <div id="alipay" style="display: inline-block">
        <img id="alipay_qr" src="/images/alipay.jpg" alt="Xsyin 支付宝">
        <p>支付宝</p>
      </div>
    

    

  </div>
</div>

      </div>
    

    

    <footer class="post-footer">
      
        <div class="post-tags">
          
            <a href="/tags/Linux-capability/" rel="tag"><i class="fa fa-tag"></i> Linux capability</a>
          
        </div>
      

      
      
      

      
        <div class="post-nav">
          <div class="post-nav-next post-nav-item">
            
          </div>

          <span class="post-nav-divider"></span>

          <div class="post-nav-prev post-nav-item">
            
              <a href="/2018/05/01/Linux-权能机制/" rel="prev" title="Linux 权能机制">
                Linux 权能机制 <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i>
              </a>
            
          </div>
        </div>
      

      
      
    </footer>
  </div>
  
  
  
  </article>



    <div class="post-spread">
      
    </div>
  </div>


          </div>
          

  
    <div class="comments" id="comments">
      <div id="lv-container" data-id="city" data-uid="MTAyMC8zNjEzNC8xMjY2OQ=="></div>
    </div>

  



        </div>
        
          
  
  <div class="sidebar-toggle">
    <div class="sidebar-toggle-line-wrap">
      <span class="sidebar-toggle-line sidebar-toggle-line-first"></span>
      <span class="sidebar-toggle-line sidebar-toggle-line-middle"></span>
      <span class="sidebar-toggle-line sidebar-toggle-line-last"></span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
    
    <div class="sidebar-inner">

      

      
        <ul class="sidebar-nav motion-element">
          <li class="sidebar-nav-toc sidebar-nav-active" data-target="post-toc-wrap">
            文章目录
          </li>
          <li class="sidebar-nav-overview" data-target="site-overview-wrap">
            站点概览
          </li>
        </ul>
      

      <section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
        <div class="site-overview">
          <div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
            
              <img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/boy.jpg" alt="Xsyin">
            
              <p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Xsyin</p>
              <p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description">既然选择了远方，便只顾风雨兼程</p>
          </div>

          
            <nav class="site-state motion-element">
              
                <div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
                
                  <a href="/archives/">
                
                    <span class="site-state-item-count">8</span>
                    <span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
                  </a>
                </div>
              

              
                
                
                <div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
                  <a href="/categories/index.html">
                    
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                    <span class="site-state-item-count">4</span>
                    <span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
                  </a>
                </div>
              

              
                
                
                <div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
                  <a href="/tags/index.html">
                    
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                      
                    
                    <span class="site-state-item-count">8</span>
                    <span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
                  </a>
                </div>
              
            </nav>
          

          
            <div class="feed-link motion-element">
              <a href="/atom.xml" rel="alternate">
                <i class="fa fa-rss"></i>
                RSS
              </a>
            </div>
          

          
            <div class="links-of-author motion-element">
              
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="https://github.com/Xsyin" target="_blank" title="GitHub"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
                  
                </span>
              
                <span class="links-of-author-item">
                  <a href="mailto:shouyinXu@163.com" target="_blank" title="E-Mail"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
                  
                </span>
              
            </div>
          

          
          

          
          
            <div class="links-of-blogroll motion-element links-of-blogroll-inline">
              <div class="links-of-blogroll-title">
                <i class="fa  fa-fw fa-link"></i>
                推荐阅读
              </div>
              <ul class="links-of-blogroll-list">
                
                  <li class="links-of-blogroll-item">
                    <a href="http://shenzekun.cn/hexo%E7%9A%84next%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E4%B8%AA%E6%80%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B.html" title="Hexo个性化设置" target="_blank">Hexo个性化设置</a>
                  </li>
                
              </ul>
            </div>
          

          
            
          
          

        </div>
      </section>

      
      <!--noindex-->
        <section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
          <div class="post-toc">

            
              
            

            
              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#权能对应的系统调用"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">权能对应的系统调用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#基于PAM用户权限设置系统"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">基于PAM用户权限设置系统</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#总结"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
            

          </div>
        </section>
      <!--/noindex-->
      

      

    </div>
  </aside>


        
      </div>
    </main>

    <footer id="footer" class="footer">
      <div class="footer-inner">
        
<div class="copyright">&copy; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2018</span>
  <span class="with-love" id="animate">
    <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
  </span>
  <span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">Xsyin</span>

  
    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
      <i class="fa fa-area-chart"></i>
    </span>
    
    <span title="站点总字数">29k</span>
  

  
    <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
    <span class="post-meta-item-icon">
      <i class="fa fa-coffee"></i>
    </span>
    
    <span title="站点阅读时长">26 分钟</span>
  
</div>





  <div class="powered-by">由 <a class="theme-link" target="_blank" href="https://hexo.io">Hexo</a> 强力驱动 v3.8.0</div>



  <span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>




  <div class="theme-info">主题 &mdash; <a class="theme-link" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/theme-next/hexo-theme-next">NexT.Mist</a> v6.2.0</div>






        
<div class="busuanzi-count">
  <script async src="https://dn-lbstatics.qbox.me/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>

  
    <span class="site-uv" title="总访客量">
      <i class="fa fa-user"></i>
      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
    </span>
  

  
    <span class="site-pv" title="总访问量">
      <i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
      <span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
    </span>
  
</div>









        
      </div>
    </footer>

    
      <div class="back-to-top">
        <i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i>
        
      </div>
    

    

  </div>

  

<script type="text/javascript">
  if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
    window.Promise = null;
  }
</script>














  













  
  
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
  

  
  
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
  

  
  
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
  

  
  
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/canvas-nest/canvas-nest.min.js"></script>
  


  


  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=6.2.0"></script>

  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=6.2.0"></script>



  
  

  
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=6.2.0"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=6.2.0"></script>



  


  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=6.2.0"></script>



  



	





  





  
    <script type="text/javascript">
      (function(d, s) {
        var j, e = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
        if (typeof LivereTower === 'function') { return; }
        j = d.createElement(s);
        j.src = 'https://cdn-city.livere.com/js/embed.dist.js';
        j.async = true;
        e.parentNode.insertBefore(j, e);
      })(document, 'script');
    </script>
  










  

  <script type="text/javascript">
    // Popup Window;
    var isfetched = false;
    var isXml = true;
    // Search DB path;
    var search_path = "search.xml";
    if (search_path.length === 0) {
      search_path = "search.xml";
    } else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
      isXml = false;
    }
    var path = "/" + search_path;
    // monitor main search box;

    var onPopupClose = function (e) {
      $('.popup').hide();
      $('#local-search-input').val('');
      $('.search-result-list').remove();
      $('#no-result').remove();
      $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
      $('body').css('overflow', '');
    }

    function proceedsearch() {
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
      $('.popup').toggle();
      var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
      $localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
      $localSearchInput.focus();
    }

    // search function;
    var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
      'use strict';

      // start loading animation
      $("body")
        .append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
          '<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
          '<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
          '</div>' +
          '</div>')
        .css('overflow', 'hidden');
      $("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');

      

      $.ajax({
        url: path,
        dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
        async: true,
        success: function(res) {
          // get the contents from search data
          isfetched = true;
          $('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
          var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
            return {
              title: $("title", this).text(),
              content: $("content",this).text(),
              url: $("url" , this).text()
            };
          }).get() : res;
          var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
          var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
          var inputEventFunction = function() {
            var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
            var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
            if (keywords.length > 1) {
              keywords.push(searchText);
            }
            var resultItems = [];
            if (searchText.length > 0) {
              // perform local searching
              datas.forEach(function(data) {
                var isMatch = false;
                var hitCount = 0;
                var searchTextCount = 0;
                var title = data.title.trim();
                var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
                var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
                
                var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
                var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
                var indexOfTitle = [];
                var indexOfContent = [];
                // only match articles with not empty titles
                if(title != '') {
                  keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
                    function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
                      var wordLen = word.length;
                      if (wordLen === 0) {
                        return [];
                      }
                      var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
                      if (!caseSensitive) {
                        text = text.toLowerCase();
                        word = word.toLowerCase();
                      }
                      while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
                        index.push({position: position, word: word});
                        startPosition = position + wordLen;
                      }
                      return index;
                    }

                    indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
                    indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
                  });
                  if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
                    isMatch = true;
                    hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
                  }
                }

                // show search results

                if (isMatch) {
                  // sort index by position of keyword

                  [indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
                    index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
                      if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
                        return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
                      } else {
                        return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
                      }
                    });
                  });

                  // merge hits into slices

                  function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
                    var item = index[index.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    var hits = [];
                    var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
                    while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
                      if (word === searchText) {
                        searchTextCountInSlice++;
                      }
                      hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
                      var wordEnd = position + word.length;

                      // move to next position of hit

                      index.pop();
                      while (index.length != 0) {
                        item = index[index.length - 1];
                        position = item.position;
                        word = item.word;
                        if (wordEnd > position) {
                          index.pop();
                        } else {
                          break;
                        }
                      }
                    }
                    searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
                    return {
                      hits: hits,
                      start: start,
                      end: end,
                      searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
                    };
                  }

                  var slicesOfTitle = [];
                  if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
                  }

                  var slicesOfContent = [];
                  while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
                    var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
                    var position = item.position;
                    var word = item.word;
                    // cut out 100 characters
                    var start = position - 20;
                    var end = position + 80;
                    if(start < 0){
                      start = 0;
                    }
                    if (end < position + word.length) {
                      end = position + word.length;
                    }
                    if(end > content.length){
                      end = content.length;
                    }
                    slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
                  }

                  // sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count

                  slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
                    if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
                      return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
                    } else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
                      return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
                    } else {
                      return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
                    }
                  });

                  // select top N slices in content

                  var upperBound = parseInt('1');
                  if (upperBound >= 0) {
                    slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
                  }

                  // highlight title and content

                  function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
                    var result = '';
                    var prevEnd = slice.start;
                    slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
                      result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
                      var end = hit.position + hit.length;
                      result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
                      prevEnd = end;
                    });
                    result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
                    return result;
                  }

                  var resultItem = '';

                  if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
                  } else {
                    resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
                  }

                  slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
                    resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
                      "<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
                      "...</p>" + "</a>";
                  });

                  resultItem += "</li>";
                  resultItems.push({
                    item: resultItem,
                    searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
                    hitCount: hitCount,
                    id: resultItems.length
                  });
                }
              })
            };
            if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
              resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
            } else {
              resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
                if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
                  return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
                } else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
                  return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
                } else {
                  return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
                }
              });
              var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
              resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
                searchResultList += result.item;
              })
              searchResultList += "</ul>";
              resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
            }
          }

          if ('auto' === 'auto') {
            input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
          } else {
            $('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
            input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
              if (event.keyCode === 13) {
                inputEventFunction();
              }
            });
          }

          // remove loading animation
          $(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
          $('body').css('overflow', '');

          proceedsearch();
        }
      });
    }

    // handle and trigger popup window;
    $('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (isfetched === false) {
        searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
      } else {
        proceedsearch();
      };
    });

    $('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
    $('.popup').click(function(e){
      e.stopPropagation();
    });
    $(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
      var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
        $('.search-popup').is(':visible');
      if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
        onPopupClose();
      }
    });
  </script>





  

  

  

  

  
  

  

  

  

  

  


  
  <!-- 页面点击小红心 -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/love.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
